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Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons in Turkey face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT persons. Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in the Ottoman Empire (predecessor of Turkey) in 1858 and in modern Turkey, homosexual activity has always been a legal act since the day it has founded in 1923. LGBT people have had the right to seek asylum in Turkey under the Geneva Convention since 1951,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=islam and homosexuality )〕 but same-sex couples are not given the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Transsexuals have been allowed to change their legal gender since 1988. Although discrimination protections regarding sexual orientation and gender identity or expression have been legally debated, they have not yet been legislated. Public opinion on homosexuality has generally been conservative and LGBT people have been widely reported to experience discrimination, harassment and even violence in recent years. ==History== In the 1980s the national government, whether democratically elected or as a result of a coup d'état, opposed the existence of a visible LGBT community especially within the political context and the government crack down on prostitution may have been used as pretext for harassment of gay and transgender people. Some openly gay people were able to be successful in the 1980s. Murathan Mungan has been openly gay throughout his professional life as a successful poet and writer. However, many gay and bisexual men who lived during this period have since said in interviews that they felt pressured, by social attitudes and government policy, to remain in the closet about their sexual identity () In the mid-late 1980s the Radical Democratic Green Party expressed support for gay rights, including the work of a group of transgender people to protest police brutality. However, it was not until the 1990s that many members of the LGBT community in Turkey began to organize on behalf of their human rights. In 1993, ''Lambda Istanbul'' was created to campaign on behalf of LGBT rights in Turkey. A year later in 1994, the Freedom and Solidarity Party banned discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity within the party and nominated Demet Demir, a leading voice of the community, to successfully become the first transgender candidate for the local council elections in Istanbul. In 1993, organizers were denied permission to hold a LGBT pride parade. Similar opposition was expressed by the government in 1995 and 1996 for a LGBT film festival and academic conference. Government officials cited vaguely worded laws designed to protect public morality as justification for refusing to allow these public events to take place. In 1996 the Supreme Court overturned a lower court's ruling and removed a child from her lesbian parent, on the grounds that homosexuality is "immoral".〔See (report of Kaos GL: Turkey's LGBT History: The 1990s ). Retrieved 16 October 2009.〕 Throughout the 1990s reports by IHD, Turkey's Human Rights Association, as well as international human rights organizations such as Amnesty International stated that transgender people were frequently being harassed and beaten by police officers. One article even stated that police had set fire to an apartment unit with many transgender residents. (Guardian. "Turkey Turns On Its Decadent Past". Owen Bowcott, 1996 ) Reports of harassment and violence against LGBT people still occur in the twenty-first century. In 2008, a homosexual Turkish student, Ahmet Yildiz, was shot outside a cafe and later died in the hospital. Sociologists have called this Turkey's first publicized gay honor killing. The desire of Turkey to join the European Union has put some pressure on the government to grant official recognition to LGBT rights. The report on progress in Turkey for the accession to the European Union of 14 October 2009, the European Commission for Enlargement wrote: :''The legal framework is not adequately aligned with the EU acquis...'' :''Homophobia has resulted in cases of physical and sexual violence. The killing of several transsexuals and transvestites is a worrying development. Courts have applied the principle of ‘unjust provocation’ in favour of perpetrators of crimes against transsexuals and transvestites''.〔The report can be found at http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf〕 Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country in which a gay pride march was held.〔()〕 In Istanbul (since 2003) and in Ankara (since 2008) gay marches are being held each year with a small but increasing participation. Gay pride march in Istanbul started with 30 people in 2003 and in 2010 the participation became 5,000. The pride parades in 2011 and 2012 were attended by more than 15.000 participants. On 30 June 2013, the pride parade attracted almost 100.000 people.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gay Pride in Istanbul groot succes )〕 The protesters were joined by Gezi Park protesters, making the 2013 Istanbul Pride the biggest pride ever held in Turkey. On the same day, the first Izmir Pride took place with 2000 participants.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=İzmir’de İlk Onur Yürüyüşünde Sokaklar Doldu Taştı )〕 Another pride took place in Antalya.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Antalya ve İzmir, Onur Haftası’nı Yürüyüşle Selamlayacak )〕 Politicians of the biggest opposition party, CHP and another opposition party, BDP also lent their support to the demonstration. The pride march in Istanbul does not receive any support of the municipality or the government.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ARTS-CULTURE - Istanbul becoming proud of Pride Week )〕〔(Gay rights in Turkey face uphill battle )〕 In 2009, an amateur football referee came out as a homosexual and was subsequently banned from referring football matches.〔(Turkey shows gay referee the red card ), AFP〕 On 21 September 2011 Minister of Family and Social Policy Fatma Şahin met with an LGBT organization. She said that the government will actively work together with LGBT organizations. She submitted a proposal for the acceptance of LGBT individuals in the new constitution that the parliament planned to draft in the coming year. She was calling on members of the Parliament to handle the proposal positively. She asserted that "if freedom and equality is for everybody, then sexual orientation discrimination should be eliminated and rights of these LGBT citizens should be recognized." 〔(LGBT gains recognition from government for first time )〕 On 9 January 2012, one of the columnists named Serdar Arseven of an Islamist newspaper called ''Yeni Akit'' wrote an article, called LGBT people as perverts. Court of Cassation penalized Yeni Akit with 4000 TL and Serdar Arseven with 2000 TL, because of the hate speech.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=“Biz Üskül’ü Eleştirdik Davayı Kaos GL Açtı!” )〕 In May 2012, the BDP requested the writers of the new Turkish constitution to include same-sex marriage in that constitution. This was rejected by the biggest party in the Turkish Parliament, the AK Party, and an opposition party, the MHP while supported by the main opposition party CHP〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Haber 10 - BDP'nin eşcinsel evlilik isteği tartışılıyor )〕 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BDP'nin eşcinsel evlilik isteği tartışılıyor )〕 In 29 May 2013, a parliamentary research motion regarding the LGBT rights in Turkey were proposed and discussed in the parliament of Turkey. Despite support from Kurdish party BDP and abstention of Turkish nationalist party MHP, the motion was rejected by votes of the ruling party AKP. AKP MP Türkan Dağoğlu cited the scientific articles on homosexuality published in U.S. 1974, saying "Homosexuality is an abnormality. Same-sex mariages may not be allowed. It would cause social deterioration." In favor of the research motion, CHP MP Binnaz Toprak said that "In the 1970s there were scientists suggesting that black people were not as smart as white people in USA. Hence the science of today doesn't accept the findings of those times. Your sayings may not be allowed." On 12 August 2013, the Constitutional Reconciliation Commission, which is drafting a new constitution of the Republic and is composed of four major parliamentary parties including The Kurds, secularists, Islamists and nationalists, agreed to provide constitutional protection against discrimination for LGBT individuals. The draft was later cancelled. On 17 July 2014, Turkey's Supreme Court ruled that referring to gays as "perverted" constitutes as hate speech.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF TURKEY: REFERRING TO GAYS AS PERVERTS IS HATE SPEECH )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「LGBT rights in Turkey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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